Development Administration in Tamil Nadu Part 1 in English

Human Development Index (HDI) is a composite index focusing on three basic dimensions of human development: i) Health - Life expectancy at birth ii) Education - Expected years of schooling for school age children and average years of schooling for the adult population. iii) Income - Measured by gross national income and per-capita income.

The HDI of less than 0.550 is used for low human development, 0.550 - 0.699 stands for medium human development, 0.700 - 0.799 for high human development and 0.8 or greater for very high human development.

Dr. Mahabub-ul-haq defined as "it is a process of enlarging the range of people’s choice, increasing their opportunities for education, health care, income and empowerment. It covers the full range of human choices from a sound physical environment to economic, social and political freedom”. HDI classifications are based on HDI fixed cut off points, which are derived from the quartiles of distributions of the component indicators.

Gross National Happiness (GNH) is a philosophy that guides the government of Bhutan. It includes an index which is used to measure the collective happiness and well-being of a population. Gross National Happiness is instituted as the goal of the government of Bhutan in the Constitution of Bhutan, enacted on 18 July 2008.

The major indicators to measure the level of economic development are Net National Product (NNP), Per Capita Income (PCI), Purchasing Power Parity (PPP) and Human Development Index (HDI).

Final money value of total goods and services produced with in the geographic boundaries of a country during a specified period of time, normally a year is known as Gross Domestic Product (GDP).

Literacy rate of Tamil Nadu is the second highest among the southern states. Tamil Nadu’s literacy rate is higher than the national average. Both the statements are correct [R] is not the correct Explanation of [A].

Sustainable economic development is taken to mean development without damaging the environment and not compromising with the needs of the future generation. Renewable resources are replenishable. eg. Solar energy Non- renewable resources are non- replenishable eg. Coal, Petroleum. Groundwater is an example of a renewable resource

The Ministry of Human Resource Development is responsible for the development of human resources in India. Its headquarters is situated at Shastri Bhavan in New Delhi.

Tamil Nadu is the state with highest installed solar capacity in India. Tamil Nadu is one of the leading solar power producing states in India. As on 31 July 2017, the total installed capacity in Tamil Nadu is 1,697 MW.

Article 51A(g) of the Constitution states that “it shall be the duty of every citizen of India to protect and improve the natural environment including forests, lakes, rivers and wildlife and to have compassion for living creatures.”

National Green Tribunal Act, 2010; Biological Diversity Act, 2002; The Environment (Protection) Act, 1986; Forest (Conservation) Act, 1980; Water (Prevention and control of pollution) Act, 1974; Wildlife Protection Act, 1972.

Tamil Nadu is one of the states having achieved rapid progress with a relatively short period, despite it started from appalling levels of poverty, deprivation and inequality.

The average income is calculated by dividing the country’s total income by its total population. The average income is also called per capita income.

Calculations on the per capita income of all countries are calculated only in the US dollar in order to compare International level.

Purchasing power parity is defined as the number of units of a country’s currency required to buy the same amount of goods and services in the domestic market as one dollar would buy in the US. China became the largest defeating the US to the second position.

Recently, India became the third largest economy in terms of PPP. China became the largest defeating the US to the second position.

In the past, economists believed that the rate of economic growth of nations could be increased only by increasing investment in physical capital. But they have realised over time that investment in human capital is as important as investment in physical capital.

Human resource is necessary for the progress of any country. Human resource development means the development of a person’s physical and mental abilities through education, health care and training. Therefore, investment in education and health of people can result in a high rate of returns in the future for a country.

The Net National Product (NNP) is considered as a true measure of national output. It is also known as national income. A rise in per capita income means an increase in aggregate real output. Countries with higher income are considered to be more developed than those with lesser income. The term ‘economic development’ refers to the overall growth of all sectors of the economy by adoption of new technologies.

As per the economist Amartya Sen, economic growth is one aspect of economic development. Also, united nation sees it like this “Economic development focuses not only on man’s materialistic need but it focuses on overall development or rise in its living standards.

Economic Growth is the positive quantitative change in the output of an economy in a particular time period. Economic Development is Qualitative in nature.

India climbed one spot to 130 out of 189 countries in the latest human development rankings released today by the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP).

Between 1990 and 2017, India’s life expectancy at birth too increased by nearly 11 years, with even more significant gains in expected years of schooling.

The world Bank projected a growth rate of 7.3% in the year 2018-19 and 7.5% 2019-2020. India's average economic growth between 1970 and 1980 has been 4.4% which rise by 1% point to 5.4% between the 1990 and 2000.

Top three countries of HDI: Norway (0.949), Australia (0.939), Switzerland (0.939)

According to the Census of India, the basic unit for rural areas is the revenue village. Rural economy refers to villages, and rural community refers to people living in villages.

Rural areas have problems like backwardness of agriculture, low income, low employment opportunities, poverty, low infrastructural development, low illiteracy, low labour.

A famous British writer Sir Malcolm Darling (1925) stated that ‘An Indian farmer is born in debt, lives in debt, dies in debt and bequeaths debt’. Since formal loan facilities are not available to the villagers, they depend on local money lenders who, like a parasite, squeeze the villagers. Hence the villagers commit suicide frequently.

Dualism means the co-existence of two extremely different features like developed and underdeveloped, organised and unorganised, traditional and modern, regulated and unregulated, poor and rich, skilled and unskilled and similar contradicting situations in a region. These characteristics are very common in rural areas. The distributions of income, wealth and assets are highly skewed among rural people. Landlords and landowners dominate the rural activities. Land, livestock and other assets are owned by a few people.

Rural people are forced to migrate from villages to urban areas in order to seek gainful employment for their livelihood. Enmity and Lack of basic amenities in rural areas also push the people to migrate to urban areas. This is called’ double poisoning’ by Schumacher, one side villages are empty, on the other side towns are congested. His book is ‘’ Small is Beautiful “describes the dangers of the present kind of development.

A major share of population lives in rural areas, and their development and contributions are very much supportive for the nation building activities. India cannot be developed by retaining rural as backward.

Rural development should minimise the gap between rural and urban areas in terms of the provision of infrastructural facilities. It was called as PURA by former President Abdul Kalam.

On the basis of recommended nutritional intake, persons consuming less than 2,400 calories per day in rural areas are treated as they are under rural poverty.

Bharat Nirman Yojana – 2005 Indira Awas Yojana -1985 Rajiv Awas Yojan (RAY) – 2009 National Rural Health Mission – 2005

Rural unemployment in India are categorised into three classes: (i) Open Unemployment (ii) Concealed Unemployment or Under employment and (iii) Seasonal Unemployment.

According to the Agricultural Labour Enquiry Committee Report, 82 days of unemployment in a year for 84 per cent of agricultural labours. Lack of Government initiatives to give required training and then to generate employment opportunities. Agricultural operations are seasonal in nature and depend much on nature and rainfall. Rural unemployment in India are categorised into three classes.

Gilbert Slater, the first professor of economics at Madras University, published his book, Some South Indian Villages, in 1918 following a survey of some villages like Vadamalaipuram (Ramnad), Gangaikondan (Tirunelveli), Palakkuurichi (Tanjore) and Dusi (North Arcot) in Tamil Nadu by his students.

Transmission loss in power distribution is almost 25 per cent in rural areas. Unauthorized use and diversion of power are evil practices adopted by affluent people that hinders the rural electrification process.

India’s road network is one of the world’s largest. The road length of India increased from about 4 lakh kms in 1950-51 to 34 lakh kms at present (2018).

Rural roads in India constitute 26.50 lakh kms, of which 13.5 percent of the roads are surfaced.

As on 31.03.2017, 100 percent electrification was achieved in villages of 20 States/UTs namely, Chandigarh, Delhi, Haryana, Himachal Pradesh, Punjab, Rajasthan, Daman & Diu, D & N Haveli, Goa, Gujarat, Maharashtra, Andhra Pradesh, Kerala, Lakshadweep, Puducherry, Tamil Nadu, Telangana, Andaman & Nicobar Island, Sikkim and Tripura.

The National Rural Health Mission (NRHM) was launched on 12th April 2005, to provide accessible, affordable and quality health care to the rural population, especially the vulnerable groups.

NRHM focuses on Reproductive, Maternal, New-born, Child Health and Adolescent (RMNCH+A) Services. The emphasis here is on strategies for improving maternal and child health through a continuum of care and the life cycle approach.

Still in terms of health standard, Sri Lanka is better than India, and in India, Kerala is better than Tamil Nadu. India lags behind China (48), Sri Lanka (71), Bangladesh (133), Bhutan (134), while its health index is better than Nepal, Pakistan, Afghanistan. Read more at: http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/articleshow/64283179.cms?utm_source=contentofinterest&utm_medium=text&utm_campaign=cppst

According to the 2011 Population Census, there are 6,40,867 villages in India and 68.84 percent of the 121crore total population lives in rural areas.

In Human Resource Management, HRD is defined as “organized learning activities arranged within an organization in order to improve performance and / or personal growth for the purpose of improving the job, the individual and/or organization”. According to this definition, HRD includes the areas of training and development, career development and organization development.

Based on the composite index of HRD, they classified countries into 1) underdeveloped, 2) partially developed, 3) semi- advanced and 4) advanced.

There is a very high positive correlation between the composite index of HRD and G.N.P. per capita in U.S. dollars.

There is a high negative correlation between the composite index and the percentage of the active population engaged in agriculture.

Mass education was never a priority during the British period. The colonial rule transformed an intermediate literate society into a predominantly illiterate society.

As J.B.G. Tilak put it “Today, the number of pupils in India outnumber the total population of England, France, Canada, and Norway taken together. Every sixth student in the world enrolled at the primary level, every seventh in the secondary level and every eighth in the tertiary level is an Indian”.

Before we launched our Five- year Plans, only about 1.2 percent of GNP was invested in education. But now the public investment increased to about 3.5 percent of GNP.

The Indian education system is marked by inequalities. There are differences in the rates of literacy between rural and urban population, between men and women, between backward and non- backward castes, between states and between districts within a state.

Only during the First Five Year Plan, priority was given to mass education. Elementary education and adult education programmes received nearly three fifths of the resources allocated for education. There was decline in importance attached to them in subsequent plans.

One of the secrets of the rapid economic development of Japan is the emphasis it laid on primary and vocational education and the allocation of huge financial resources to these sectors.

The National Policy on Education (NPE) 1986 of the Government of India gave first priority to Universal Primary Education (UPE). The UPE goal aimed at achievement of Education for All (EPA) covering only classes I and V.

The main factors which influenced steady increase in enrolment of children in age group 6-11 years in Tamil Nadu are : (1) easy accessibility of schools ; (2) awareness among parents about the value of education ; 3) rising real per capita income ; (4) implementation of Chief Minister’s Nutritious Noon Meal Scheme and 5) a number of inducements and concessions offered by the Government in the form of free supply of books, free bus passes and so on.

Access to schools, in terms of distance, is a major factor that has made Tamil Nadu is one of the top states in literacy level. There is a primary school within a distance of one kilometre from habitations (99 percent of habitations), upper primary school within a distance of 3 kms (81 percent of habitations), secondary school within a distance of 5 kms (78 percent of habitations) and higher secondary school within a distance of 8 kms (76 percent of habitations). This is a remarkable achievement when compared with the all – India situation.

Non-Formal Education and Adult Literacy: The measures taken by the Government of Tamil Nadu under adult education programme include: Total Literacy campaign (TLC), 2. Post – Literacy campaign and 3. Continuing Education All these measures come under Arivoli Iyakkam (Light of Knowledge movement). In this movement, an adult is defined as one in the age group 15-35.

In view of the high dropouts in the 6-14 age group, the government has introduced non-formal education for the benefit of working children, girls and those children who cannot attend full time schools owing to many socio-economic conditions. Since1979, the Government of India has been running the NFE scheme with the help of state governments and voluntary agencies.

Early childhood care and education programme in India: It is an integrated approach to reduce malnutrition, and other related diseases among disadvantaged children, expectant and nursing mothers. The ICDS schemes focus on provision of services to improve nutrition and health requirement of children from the date of conception till the age of six years.

ICDS services are rendered through child welfare centres known as anganwadis. They include supplementary nutrition, non-formal preschool education, health check-up, immunization and health education.

The Government proposed to implement from 1999 a special school health programme called “Vazhvoli Thittam” (which literally means light of life Scheme, referring to good health). Under the scheme, a field officer from the health department will visit schools once in a week and examine the children. If necessary, he will take them to a Primary Health Centre for treatment.

Though the educational expansion in India is remarkable quantity, quality and equity have become an elusive triangle of the Indian education system.

Ever since Independence, an educational explosion has taken place in India. As J.B.G. Tilak put it “Today, the number of pupils in India outnumber the total population of England, France, Canada, and Norway taken together.

The theories of human resource development, in a general way, refer to educational planning. They can be divided into three categories (1) manpower approach (2) social demand approach and (3) rate of return approach.

The manpower approach to educational planning assumes that manpower with different levels and types of education is essential to attain a certain target growth rate of GNP. Death, retirement and migration are taken into account to estimate the necessary manpower.

If we assume education as investment, then we may look at it as individual investment and social investment. Under conditions of perfect competition, individual investment would be undertaken if the internal rate was greater than the market rate of interest.

The 1st printing press in Tamil Nadu was established in Tarangampadi in Nagapattinam district by Danish missionaries.

The native spoken language in Tamil Nadu is Tamil which is its Official language came into effect on January 14, 1958.

Under NABARD SHG Linkage Programme, SHGs can borrow credit from bank on showing their successful track record of regular repayments of their borrowers. It has been successful in the states like Andhra Pradesh, Tamil Nadu, Kerala and Karnataka during 2005-06.

SHG is generally an economically homogeneous group formed through a process of self-selection based upon the affinity of its members. Most SHGs are women’s groups with membership ranging between 10 and 20. SHGs have well-defined rules and by-laws, hold regular meetings and maintain records and savings and credit discipline. SHGs are self-managed institutions characterized by participatory and collective decision making.

Self Help Groups are informal voluntary association of poor people, from the similar socio-economic background, up to 20 women (average size is 14).

Micro Units Development and Refinance Agency Bank is a public sector financial institution which provides loans at low rates to microfinance institutions and non-banking financial institutions which then provide credit to Micro, Small and Medium Enterprises (MSMEs)

MUDRA was launched on 8th April 2015. Micro Units Development and Refinance Agency Bank is a public sector financial institution which provides loans at low rates.

The principal objectives of the MUDRA bank are to Regulate the lender and the borrower of microfinance and bring stability to the microfinance system. Extend finance and credit support to Microfinance Institutions (MFI) and agencies that lend money to small businesses, retailers, self-help groups and individuals. Offer a Credit Guarantee scheme for providing guarantees to loans being offered to micro businesses. Register all MFIs and introduce a system of performance rating and accreditation for the first time.

The data of the National Sample Survey Organisation (NSSO, 2002-03) reveals that only about 30 per cent of the poor borrowers get credit from the formal banks.

According to the All India Debt and Investment Survey (AIDIS) 2002, the share of institutional credit has declined from 66.3 per cent in 1991 to 57.1 percent in 2002, with a corresponding increase in informal channels of credit (RBI, 2006).

Regional Rural Banks came into existence based on the recommendation made by a working group on rural banks appointed by the Government of India in 1975.

Tamil Nadu is placed third in health index The Tamil Nadu state has come third after Kerala and Punjab in a health index report. The neo natal mortality rate is 14, lower than that of many other states and that the under 5 mortality has dropped from 21 in 2014 to 20 in 2015. (- Healthy States, Progressive India Report, (2018) –NITI AAYOG)

Tamil Nadu ranks 3rd in Human Development Index (source: UNDP2015). Tamil Nadu is the second largest contributor to India’s GDP.

Tamil Nadu has a highest Gross Enrolment Ratio in higher education. Tamil Nadu has the largest number of engineering colleges.

The density of population which measures population per sq.km is 555 (2011) against 480 (2001). Tamil Nadu ranks 12th in density among the Indian States and overall it is 382 for India.

Tamil Nadu is the most urbanized state with 48.4% of urban population against 31.5% for India as a whole. The State accounts for 9.61% of total urbanites in India against 6% share of total population.

Tamil Nadu is well ahead of national average and other states in IMR. According to NITI AAYOG, the IMR is 17 (per 1000) for Tamil Nadu which is just half of national average of 34 as on 2016.

Tamil Nadu is the second largest economy in India with a GSDP of $ 207.8 billion in 2016-17 according to the Directorate of Economics and Statistics, Tamil Nadu.

The Per capita GSDP of Tamil Nadu also ($ 2,200) which is higher than that of many other States in India. Per capita GSDP of Tamil Nadu is nearly 1.75 times higher than the national average, as per 2018 data.

The employment growth rate of India increased at an average rate of 2% during past four decades from 1972-73.

Agriculture, despite a sharp decline in gross domestic product, continues to be the largest employer in Tamil Nadu. This is because the non-agriculture sectors are yet to generate enough employment to affect a shift of labour force. Most of the employment growth in Tamil Nadu has been contributed by the unorganised and informal sectors.

NLA, SAIL, BSNL are public sectors. TVS Motors, Ashok Leyland, TATA Steel are private sectors.

Tamil Nadu has a three – tier health infrastructure comprising hospitals, primary health centres, health units, community health centres and subcentres.

Tamil Nadu is grouped among high Gross Enrolment Ratio (GER) States. It ranks third next only to Kerala (81%) and Himachal Pradesh (74%). The all India average is 43% and the world average is 59%.

hoothukudi is known as “Gateway of Tamil Nadu”. Thoothukudi is the major chemical producer in the state. It produces the 70 per cent of the total salt production in the State and 30 per cent in the country.

Coimbatore is also referred to as “the Pump City” as it supplies two thirds of India’s requirements of motors and pumps. The city is one of the largest exporters of jewellery, wet grinders and auto components and the term “Coimbatore Wet Grinder” has been given a Geographical indication.

The country’s largest steel public sector undertaking, SAIL has a steel plant in Salem. The region around Salem is rich in mineral ores.

Tamil Nadu ranks third in cement production in India (First Andhra Pradesh, Second Rajasthan). Among 10 largest cement companies in India as on 2018, Ramco Cement and India Cement find prominent place and also Tamil Nadu stands second in number of cement plants with 21 units against 35 units in Andhra Pradesh.

The town of Sivakasi is a leader in the areas of printing, fireworks, and safety matches. It was fondly called as “Little Japan” by Jawaharlal Nehru. It contributes to 80% of India’s fireworks production. Sivakasi provides over 60% of India’s total offset printing solutions.

Chennai has emerged as EMS Hub of India. Many multi – national companies have chosen Chennai as their South Asian manufacturing hub.